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The Impact of Tiannuokang as a Substitute for Colistin Sulfate on the Production Performance of Growing-Finishing Pigs and the Microbial Population in Their Feces
Release time:
2020-12-24
In this trial, 120 healthy, growing pigs of similar body condition, weighing 80 ± 10 kg, were randomly divided into a control group, an antibiotic group, and an essential oil group. The specific feeding design is shown in Table 1. Each group consisted of 4 replicates, with 10 pigs per replicate. The trial duration was 29 days. The experimental diet was formulated according to the nutritional requirements outlined in NRC (2012). During the trial, pigs had free access to feed and water, and were subjected to routine husbandry management and vaccination protocols. Body weights at the beginning and end of the trial, as well as feed intake, were recorded. At the end of the trial, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pig, placed into sterile 10 ml centrifuge tubes, and stored at -80℃.
Objective of the trial:
Compared with colistin sulfate, this study investigated the effects of plant essential oils on the production performance of growing-finishing pigs and on the microbial population in their feces.
Antimicrobial alternative products:
Tiantianxiang is provided by Jinan Tiantianxiang Co., Ltd. Its main ingredients are: carvacrol, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde.
Experimental Design:
In this trial, 120 healthy growing pigs of similar body condition were selected, with an average initial body weight of 80 ± 10 kg. The pigs were randomly divided into three groups: a control group, an antibiotic group, and an essential oil group. The specific feeding design is shown in Table 1. Each group consisted of four replicates, with 10 pigs per replicate. The trial duration was 29 days. The experimental diet was formulated according to the nutritional requirements outlined by NRC (2012). During the trial, the pigs had free access to feed and water, and were subjected to routine husbandry management and vaccination protocols. At the beginning and end of the trial, the body weights and feed intake of each pig were recorded. At the end of the trial, fresh fecal samples were collected from each pig, placed into sterile 10 ml centrifuge tubes, and stored at -80°C. The abundance of fecal microbial populations was determined using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. The results are expressed as the logarithm (base 10) of the number of microbial copies per gram of feces [lg(copies/g)]. Throughout the trial, a dedicated person was responsible for management, ingredient preparation, and data recording. The pens were cleaned regularly every day to maintain a consistently clean and hygienic environment.
Table 1. Experimental Design
Table 2. Diet Composition and Nutritional Levels
Note: The premix is equivalent to the following per kilogram of complete feed: Vitamin A 2,000 IU, Vitamin D3 1,700 IU, Vitamin E 1,600 IU, Pantothenic Acid 2,000 mg, Folic Acid 12 mg, Vitamin K3 50 mg, Riboflavin 25 mg, Vitamin B2 20 mg, Vitamin B12 1.0 mg, Biotin 5 mg, Vitamin B6 10 mg, Phosphorus 10 mg, Iron 80 mg, Copper 100 mg, Selenium 0.5 mg, Zinc 75 mg, Manganese 40 mg.
Test results:
1. Impact on the production performance of fattening pigs
Note: Different letter designations indicate significant differences (P<0.05).
As shown in the table, compared with the control group, the addition of antibiotics and plant essential oils significantly improved the production performance of growing-finishing pigs, resulting in increased average daily gain and reduced feed-to-meat ratio. Compared with the control group, the essential oil group exhibited a 0.61 kg increase in final body weight and a 0.04 kg increase in average daily gain, both differences being statistically significant (P<0.05). Additionally, the feed-to-meat ratio was reduced by 0.15 (P<0.05).
2. Effect on the bacterial population in the feces of fattening pigs [lg(copies/g)]
As shown by the data in the table, the antibiotic group exhibited a strong inhibitory effect on E. coli in the feces of fattening pigs; however, it also impaired the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli in the gut. In contrast, the essential oil group demonstrated a remarkable inhibitory effect on E. coli in the pig intestine but had no adverse impact on beneficial bacteria like Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli, thus playing an excellent role in regulating the gut microbiota.
Test conclusion:
1. Adding 300 g/ton of feed with Tiannuokang can effectively improve the growth performance of growing-finishing pigs and also enhance the gut microbiota in pigs. According to the experimental results, it can serve as a viable alternative to colistin sulfate when added to feed.
2. Plant essential oils disrupt the exchange and balance of substances both inside and outside the cells of pathogenic microorganisms, leading to changes in the permeability of their cell membranes and subsequent leakage of cellular contents. They also impair the normal metabolic functions of pathogenic microorganisms. Active components that penetrate into these microorganisms alter the membrane structures within the cells, thereby causing some critical cellular organelles to lose their physiological functions.
3. The unique scent of essential oils stimulates receptors in the digestive tract, activates the activity of digestive enzymes, thereby promoting digestion and improving feed conversion rates.
4. Essential oils have antibacterial and bacteriostatic effects, helping to maintain a healthy gut environment by inhibiting harmful bacteria and promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria.
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This experiment employed a single-factor experimental design. A total of 6,000 Ross-308 broiler chickens, aged 1 day and with roughly similar body weights and good health conditions, were randomly selected and divided into three treatment groups, with five replicates per group, each replicate consisting of 400 chickens. The control group was fed a basal diet based on corn and soybean meal. The experimental group 1, the antibiotic group, had 50 g/t of a 15% chlortetracycline premix added to the basal diet. The experimental group 2, the Tianyikang addition group, had 1,500 g/t of Tianyikang added to the basal diet. The entire experiment lasted for 42 days.
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