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Experimental Case

Research and Application of Complex Cellulase in Ruminants

Release time:

2022-05-13

China is both a populous country and a major livestock-raising nation. As we move toward becoming an agriculture-based country with animal husbandry as its primary focus, the conflict between human and animal food competition has become particularly acute. The severe shortage of feed原料 resources is severely hindering the development of China’s animal husbandry industry. Developing ruminant livestock farming is a crucial component of China’s agricultural restructuring, and for ruminants, the effective supply of roughage is of paramount importance. How to enhance the digestibility and utilization efficiency of feed ingredients and effectively develop and utilize cellulose as a feed source is the key to resolving the pressing issue of feed resource scarcity in China—and also represents an effective pathway for promoting the sustainable development of China’s animal husbandry sector.

1. The Role and Drawbacks of Crude Fiber in Ruminants

Crude fiber is an essential nutrient for ruminants, and its primary functions include: maintaining the normal physiological functions of the rumen; promoting digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract; and sustaining the rumen’s normal pH level. However, roughage has inherent nutritional shortcomings, such as large bulk, poor palatability, low intake, low crude protein content, low vitamin content, and high total energy but low digestible energy.

2、 Measures to Enhance the Utilization of Crude Fiber

The key technological challenge in enhancing the nutritional value of coarse feed lies in breaking down plant cell walls, weakening or disrupting the ester bonds between lignin and cellulose or hemicellulose, thereby promoting the fermentation of cellulose and hemicellulose in the rumen and softening the coarse feed, thus reducing energy expenditure caused by chewing. Scholars from various countries have already adopted a series of in vitro processing techniques to improve the feed value of coarse feed. In vitro processing methods typically involve physical, chemical, and biological approaches. Among these, the biological approach using enzyme preparations—cellulase—overcomes several drawbacks such as high costs, complex equipment, cumbersome operations, high energy consumption, and environmental pollution. Cellulase boasts advantages including small dosage requirements, significantly improved feed efficiency, enhanced safety factors, and simple application procedures, making it a promising technology with broad potential for future applications.

3, Classification of Feed-Grade Complex Cellulase

There are many types of complex cellulases, which, based on their functional differences, can be categorized into the following three major groups [3]: endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and cellobiose enzymes. ① Endoglucanases (also known as endo-β-1,4-glucanases, carboxymethylcellulase, or C1 cellulase) primarily function by randomly cleaving β-1,4-glycosidic bonds within the cellulase molecule, thereby shortening long-chain cellulose molecules and producing a large number of smaller cellulose fragments, such as cellodextrins, cellobiose, and glucose. ② Exoglucanases (also known as exo-β-1,4-glucanases, microcrystalline cellulase, cellobiose hydrolase, or Cx enzymes) mainly work by sequentially removing individual non-reducing terminal cellobiose residues from short-chain cellulose molecules. ③ Cellobiose enzymes (also known as β-1,4-glycosidases or aryl-β-glucosidases) primarily catalyze the hydrolysis of cellobiose, cellotriose, and other low-molecular-weight cellodextrins into glucose or aryl residues. In reality, when degrading crystalline cellulose, no single enzyme can independently break down the crystalline structure; only the combined presence and synergistic action of these three enzyme types can successfully complete the hydrolysis process.

4. The role of feed enzyme preparations

Although the microorganisms in the rumen of ruminants can synthesize cellulase themselves, their quantity is limited, which imposes certain constraints on the digestion and absorption of coarse feed. Studies have confirmed that exogenous enzymes exhibit stable activity both in the rumen and in the duodenum [4]. The use of enzyme preparations can: (1) compensate for the deficiency of endogenous enzymes, enhancing their secretion and activity; (2) break down plant cell walls, thereby improving the utilization of nutrients; (3) reduce the viscosity of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract, thus decreasing the incidence of disease; (4) eliminate antinutritional factors in feed, thereby increasing its nutritional value; (5) influence the microbial flora in the digestive tracts of livestock and poultry, boosting their immune function; (6) make full use of feed resources and reduce environmental pollution.

5, Cellulase in Dairy cow The role in nutrition and feed

Adding a 0.1% cellulase preparation to the concentrate feed for Holstein dairy cows, and after a 60-day trial period, the results showed that the addition of cellulase increased the average daily milk yield per cow by 14.89%. The experimental group achieved an additional daily income of 5.41 yuan per cow, demonstrating significant economic benefits. During the ensiling process, adding a compound cellulase preparation can accelerate the silage fermentation process, improve the quality of silage, reduce the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content in silage, enhance the utilization rate of silage, and ultimately boost dairy cow production performance. Under normal conditions, high-yielding dairy cows consume an average of 8 to 11 kg of fiber-rich forage per day. Provided that the rumen microbial flora is functioning normally, the addition of cellulase can effectively increase the rate of fermentation of crude fiber and other nutrients in the rumen, thereby improving the digestibility of cellulose.

By breaking down the structure of plant cell walls through enzymatic action, feed utilization can be improved, the nutritional value of roughage can be enhanced, and feed costs can be reduced. Cellulase holds great potential for development and application.

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